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Table 3 Association between depressive symptoms and a high frequency of alcohol consumption and with problem drinking in university freshmen from five European countries a

From: Are perceived stress, depressive symptoms and religiosity associated with alcohol consumption? A survey of freshmen university students across five European countries

 

High frequency of drinking

Problem drinking (CAGE > 2)

Wald+

df

p

OR (95%CI)

Wald+

df

p

OR (95%CI)

Depressive symptoms (per 10 points)1

0.48

1

0.655

1.03 (0.95-1.11)

34.34

1

<0.001

1.26 (1.17-1.37)

Sex

Male

   

1

   

1

Female

47.23

1

<0.001

0.21 (0.13-0.33)

40.88

1

<0.001

0.23 (0.15-0.37)

Country

116.56

4

<0.001

 

21.78

4

<0.001

 

Bulgaria

   

1

   

1

Germany

4.44

1

0.045

0.76 (0.58-0.99)

5.89

1

0.017

1.52 (1.08-2.14)

Poland

19.93

1

<0.001

0.39 (0.26-0.59)

0.39

1

0.684

1.10 (0.70-1.71)

UK

51.59

1

<0.001

3.32 (2.35-4.70)

10.59

1

0.008

1.83 (1.17-2.84)

Slovakia

12.48

1

0.003

0.54 (0.36-0.81)

14.71

1

<0.001

2.35 (1.56-3.55)

Perceived income sufficiency (per one point change)2

1.61

1

0.043

1.02 (1.01-1.03)

0.48

1

0.178

1.01 (0.99-1.02)

Importance of religious faith (religiosity)3

Low

   

1

   

1

High

1.36

1

0.185

0.75 (0.50-1.12)

1.65

1

0.147

0.73 (0.48-1.12)

Interactions

Sex*religious faith

9.30

1

0.005

2.11 (1.27-3.52)

6.07

1

0.024

1.88 (1.09-3.24)

  1. a Findings from logistic regression models predicting high frequency of drinking and problem drinking, adjusted for all variables in the table.
  2. + Wald chi-square test.
  3. 1 Sum of 20 items scored from 0 to 5. Maximum of 100 indicates strongest depressive symptoms.
  4. 2 “How sufficient is your income?” (1 = “totally sufficient”, 4 = “not sufficient at all”. Larger numbers indicate that income was more often perceived as insufficient.
  5. 3 “My religion is very important for my life.” (1 = “strongly disagree”, 5 = “strongly agree”. High importance of religious faith = values 4 and 5.