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Table 1 Differences in happy hour drinking across demographic categories

From: It’s five o’clock somewhere: An examination of the association between happy hour drinking and negative consequences

Characteristics

N

Happy hour increases drinking

Happy hour does not increase drinking

χ2(df)

p value

Gender

 

Male

679

59.8% (460)

40.2% (273)

10.878 (1)

.001

Female

674

68.4% (461)

31.6% (213)

  

Race

 

African American

220

65.5% (144)

34.5% (76)

1.643 (2)

.440

White

1030

64.6% (665)

35.4% (365)

  

Other

78

57.7% (45)

42.3% (33)

  

Age

 

17-20

793

77.4% (614)

22.6% (179)

149.815 (3)

<.001

21-22

421

47.0% (198)

53.0% (223)

  

23-25

85

40.0% (34)

60.0% (51)

  

26 or older

53

39.6% (21)

60.4% (32)

  

Class year

 

Freshman

441

77.8% (343)

22.2% (98)

105.603 (3)

<.001

Sophomore

351

72.4% (254)

27.6% (97)

  

Junior

297

49.8% (148)

50.2% (149)

  

Senior

243

46.5% (113)

53.5% (130)

  

GPA

 

3.01 – 4.0

594

65.8% (391)

34.2% (203)

13.474 (4)

.009

2.01 – 3.0

534

59.9% (320)

40.1% (214)

  

1.01 – 2.0

88

61.4% (54)

38.6% (34)

  

0.0 – 1.0

5

100% (5)

0.0% (0)

  

No GPA

134

73.9% (99)

26.1% (35)

  

Student athlete

     

No

1293

64.9% (454)

35.1% (31)

6.252 (1)

.012

Yes

61

49.2% (839)

50.8% (30)

  

Fraternity/Sorority

 

No

1063

62.7% (667)

37.3% (396)

4.119 (1)

.042

Yes

292

69.2% (202)

30.8% (90)

  

Employed

     

No

900

66.3% (597)

33.7% (303)

6.818 (2)

.033

Part-time

399

60.9% (243)

39.1% (156)

  

Full-time

55

52.7% (29)

47.3% (26)

  

Marital status

     

Single

1319

64.5% (851)

35.5% (468)

3.427 (1)

.064

Married

31

48.4% (15)

51.6% (16)

  

Family income

 

Over $100,000

619

65.6% (406)

34.4% (213)

12.013 (4)

.017

$75,000 – $99,999

216

68.5% (148)

31.5% (68)

  

$50,000 – $74,999

242

65.7% (159)

34.3% (83)

  

$25,000 – $49,999

155

52.9% (82)

47.1% (73)

  

Under $24,999

86

59.3% (51)

40.7% (35)

  

Living arrangements

 

With parents/family

77

55.8% (43)

44.2% (34)

61.826 (4)

<.001

Campus dormitories

405

78.8% (319)

21.2% (86)

  

Greek housing

25

68.0% (17)

32.0% (8)

  

Rented apartment

812

59.1% (480)

40.9% (332)

  

Home owner

26

30.8% (8)

69.2% (18)

  
 

Mann–Whitney U (standardized)

p value

Alcohol use frequency (Median)

6-9 days per month

3-5 days per month

4.713

<.001

 

t-value (df)

p value

Age of first alcohol use (M (SD))

15.79 (2.08)

16.31 (2.61)

4.013 (1324)

<.001