Table 2 Factors associated with the non-compliant use of buprenorphine, levomethadone, and methadone, OR (95% CI)

Age

1.05 (1.02-1.08)*

1.01 (0.99-1.04)

1.04 (1.01-1.07)*

Male gender

0.21 (0.10-0.43)*

0.45 (0.25-0.80)*

0.47 (0.26-0.85)*

Consumption days within past month

1.07 (1.02-1.13)*

1.06 (1.04-1.09)*

1.01 (0.96-1.06)

Reasons for use

To sedate

1.46 (0.80-2.68)

1.23 (0.81-1.87)

1.18 (0.68-2.07)

To induce euphoria

0.58 (0.16-2.09)

0.87 (0.42-1.81)

0.67 (0.20-2.23)

To relieve anxiety

0.95 (0.46-1.94)

0.85 (0.52-1.39)

1.11 (0.57-2.16)

To avoid withdrawal symptoms

2.66 (0.57-12.39)

2.84 (1.23-6.58)*

0.94 (0.19-4.58)

To stimulate/arouse

0.84 (0.20-3.46)

1.30 (0.57-3.00)

0.64 (0.17-2.38)

To relieve pain

1.05 (0.34-3.29)

1.88 (0.85-4.14)

0.56 (0.21-1.49)

As a cognitive enhancer

1.93 (0.47-7.97)

1.74 (0.68-4.47)

1.11 (0.31-3.97)

To modulate the effects of other substances

5.73 (2.42-13.55)*

1.86 (0.97-3.60)

3.08 (1.47-6.44)*

To enhance/brighten mood

0.31 (0.14-0.71)*

0.74 (0.45-1.20)

0.42 (0.19-0.92)*