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Table 1 Bivariate analyses of factors associated with groin injection among PWID in Bangkok, Thailand (n = 437)

From: Groin injecting among a community-recruited sample of people who inject drugs in Thailand

 

Groin injection in the last six months n (%)

   

Characteristic

Yes 150 (34.3%)

No 287 (65.7%)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p

Median age

    

  ≥ 38 years

80 (53.3)

151 (52.6)

1.03 (0.69 – 1.53)

0.89

  < 38 years

70 (46.7)

136 (47.4)

  

Gender

    

  Male

119 (79.3)

232 (80.8)

0.91 (0.56 – 1.49)

0.71

  Female

31 (20.7)

55 (19.2)

  

Education level

    

  ≥ Secondary education

105 (70.0)

161 (56.1)

1.83 (1.20 – 2.78)

<0.01

  < Secondary education

45 (30.0)

126 (43.9)

  

Heroin injection*

    

  > Weekly

41 (27.3)

54 (18.8)

1.83 (1.09 – 3.08)

0.02

  ≤ Weekly

58 (38.7)

110 (38.3)

1.27 (0.81 – 2.01)

0.30

  nNone

51 (34.0)

123 (42.9)

1.00 (reference)

 

Midazolam injection*

    

  > Weekly

127 (84.7)

113 (39.4)

10.93 (5.59 – 21.37)

<0.01

  ≤ Weekly

12 (8.0)

67 (23.3)

1.74 (0.73 – 4.17)

0.02

  None

11 (7.3)

107 (37.3)

1.00 (reference)

 

Methamphetamine injection*

   

  > Weekly

29 (19.3)

59 (20.6)

0.79 (0.47 – 1.33)

0.38

  ≤ Weekly

30 (20.0)

81 (28.2)

0.60 (0.37 – 0.98)

0.04

  None

91 (60.7)

147 (51.2)

1.00 (reference)

 

Length of injecting career

    

  Median value (years)

19

18

1.02 (1.00 – 1.04)

0.08

  IQR (years)

15 – 27

14 – 24

  

Binge drug use*

    

  Yes

59 (39.3)

73 (25.4)

1.90 (1.25 – 2.90)

<0.01

  No

91 (60.7)

214 (74.6)

  

Syringe sharing*

    

  Yes

33 (22.0)

43 (15.0)

1.60 (0.97 – 2.65)

0.07

  No

117 (78.0)

244 (85.0)

  

Inject in public places*

    

  Yes

45 (30.0)

74 (25.8)

1.23 (0.80 – 1.91)

0.35

  No

105 (70.0)

213 (74.2)

  

Non-fatal overdose*

    

  Yes

6 (4.0)

10 (3.5)

1.15 (0.41 – 3.24)

0.79

  No

144 (96.0)

277 (96.5)

  

Need help injecting*

    

  Yes

25 (16.7)

57 (19.9)

0.81 (0.48 – 1.35)

0.42

  No

125 (83.3)

230 (80.1)

  

Injected with others*

    

  > 75% of the time

57 (38.0)

113 (39.4)

0.94 (0.63 – 1.42)

0.78

  ≤ 75% of the time

93 (62.0)

174 (60.6)

  

Barriers to accessing health services

   

  Any

118 (78.7)

204 (71.1)

1.50 (0.94 – 2.39)

0.09

  None

32 (21.3)

83 (28.9)

  

Drug planting by police

    

  Yes

84 (56.0)

107 (37.3)

2.14 (1.43 – 3.20)

<0.01

  No

66 (44.0)

180 (62.7)

  
  1. PWID: people who inject drugs, CI: confidence interval; IQR: interquartile range.
  2. *Activities in the previous six months.