Table 1 Program (N = 108) and client (N = 13,478) variables in addiction health services
From: Paths to improving engagement among racial and ethnic minorities in addiction health services
|  | Mean ± Standard Deviation or n (%) | Response format |
|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | ||
 Wait time | 3.36 ± 16.63 | Time to enter treatment (days) |
 Retention | 90.46 ± 99.72 | Treatment duration (days) |
Independent variables | ||
 Program capacity | ||
  High program capacity | 8 (7.4) | Latent class (high leadership, readiness for change, Medi-Cal acceptance) |
  Directorial leadership | 40.11 ± 7.04 | 9 items, scale from 10 (low) to 50 (high); e.g., Your director inspires others with plans for the facility’s future; α = .96 |
  Readiness for change | 34.53 ± 2.80 | 4 subscales, scale from 10 (low) to 50 (high). |
Motivational readinessa: 24 items, 30.78 ± 5.68, e.g., Your program needs more training for effective implementation of EBPs; α = .80 | ||
Resources: 12 items, 37.94 ± 5.15, e.g., Clinical management decisions for your program are well planned; α = .74 | ||
Staff attributes: 8 items, 40.30 ± 4.01, e.g. You are able to adapt quickly when you have to make changes; α = .86 | ||
Organizational climate: 16 items, 34.66 ± 4.90, e.g. You feel encouraged to try new and different techniques; α = .78 | ||
  Medi-Cal acceptance | 81 (75) | Program accepts Medi-Cal payment |
  Mental health coordination | 45 (42) | On-site and off-site coordination with mental health services |
  Receipt of HIV testing servicesb | 8,165 (74) | Number of clients who received on-site and off-site HIV testing services while in the program |
 Client race and ethnicity | ||
  African American | 2,731 (20) | Self-identify as African American |
  Latino | 5,010 (37) | Self-identify as Latino |
  White | 4,179 (31) | Self-identify as White (non-Latino) |
  Other | 1,558 (12) | Self-identify as other race or ethnicity |
Control variables | ||
 Program characteristics | ||
  Public fundinga | 34.2 ± 43.0 | Percentage of public funding during previous fiscal year |
  License | 103 (96.3) | Licensed by state |
  Accreditation | 16 (15.2) | Accredited by the Joint Commission |
 Program type | ||
  Outpatient | 60 (55.6) | Primarily outpatient services |
  Methadone | 4 (3.7) | Primarily methadone maintenance services |
  Residential | 36 (33.3) | Primary residential services |
Client characteristics | ||
 Referral sourceb | ||
  Self | 5,780 (43) | Self-referred |
  Community | 2,262 (17) | Referred by a community organization |
  Proposition 36 | 1,896 (14) | Referred by court in lieu of incarceration |
  Drug court | 755 (6) | Referred by drug court |
  Social services | 2,785 (21) | Referred by social services or county agency |
  Medi-Cal eligible | 5,350 (40) | Eligible for Medi-Cal |
  Mental health issues | 3,205 (24) | Diagnosed with mental health issue |
  Homeless | 2,296 (17) | Unstable housing status |