Characteristic | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95Â % CI) | p - value | Odds ratio (95Â % CI) | p - value | |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(per year older) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <0.001 |  |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(female vs. male) | 1.42 (1.03–1.95) | 0.033 | 1.37 (0.98–1.92) | 0.062 |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(Caucasian vs. other) | 0.82 (0.60–1.12) | 0.205 |  |  |
Homelessnessa | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 2.53 (1.92–3.33) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.47–2.69) | <0.001 |
Daily injection cocaine usea | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.58 (1.04–2.41) | 0.032 |  |  |
Daily injection heroin usea | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.69 (1.24–2.31) | <0.001 |  |  |
Daily injection meth usea | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.15 (0.61–2.15) | 0.669 |  |  |
Daily injection prescription opioid usea | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.51 (1.11–2.07) | 0.010 |  |  |
Daily crack smokinga | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.30 (0.98–1.74) | 0.073 |  |  |
Daily alcohol usea | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.37 (0.90–2.11) | 0.144 |  |  |
Length of time injecting drugs | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(per year longer) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.045 |
Drug or alcohol treatment ever | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 2.36 (1.51–3.68) | <0.001 | 2.33 (1.47–3.68) | <0.001 |
Any employment (reg, temp, self) a | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.02 (0.74–1.42) | 0.888 |  |  |
Drug dealinga | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.90 (1.42–2.55) | <0.001 | 1.32 (0.96–1.83) | 0.090 |
Sex worka | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.04 (0.67–1.61) | 0.861 |  |  |
High school degree or higher | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 0.379 |  |  |
Overdosea | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.45 (0.85–2.49) | 0.175 |  |  |
Binge drug usea,b | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.76 (1.37–2.25) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.26–2.16) | <0.001 |
A victim of violencea | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 2.19 (1.62–2.97) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.29–2.42) | <0.001 |
HCV positive | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 0.97 (0.59–1.61) | 0.916 |  |  |
HIV and treatment statusa | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(HIV+ and not on ART vs HIV−) | 0.93 (0.59–1.46) | 0.748 |  |  |
(HIV+ and on ART vs HIV_HIV−) | 0.76 (0.50–1.14) | 0.186 |  |  |
Incarcerationa | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(yes vs. no) | 1.68 (1.17–2.42) | 0.005 |  |  |