Table 3 Factors associated with any binge drinking in multivariable analyses among male and female university students in nine ASEAN countries
Variables in the model | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|
AOR (95% CI)† | AOR (95% CI)‡ | |
Age groups | ||
 18–19 | Reference | Reference |
 20–21 | 2.30 (1.61–3.28)*** | 1.46 (1.15–1.85)** |
 22 or older | 4.67 (3.30–6.59)*** | 1.86 (1.44–2.41)*** |
Living situation | ||
 Not with parents/guardians | Reference | Reference |
 With parents/guardians | 0.69 (0.55–0.86)*** | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) |
Family economic status | ||
 Not well off/poor |  | Reference |
 Wealthy/quite well off |  | 0.61 (0.49–0.77)*** |
Country category | ||
 Upper-middle/high income | Reference | Reference |
 Lower-middle income | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | 0.37 (0.29–0.47)*** |
Level of involvement in organized religious activity | ||
 Low | Reference | Reference |
 Medium | 1.30 (0.96–1.68) | 1.42 (1.10–1.83)** |
 High | 0.72 (0.48–1.07) | 0.85 (0.60–1.21) |
Level of involvement in non-organized religious activity | ||
 Low | Reference | Reference |
 Medium | 0.95 (0.67–1.33) | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) |
 High | 0.29 (0.19–0.44)*** | 0.35 (0.25–0.48)*** |
Knowledge of alcohol-heart disease link | 0.79 (0.64–0.98)* | 0.67 (0.56–0.82)*** |
Knowledge of alcohol-high blood pressure link |  | 1.22 (1.01–1.49)* |
Weak beliefs in importance of limiting alcohol | 0.89 (0.85–0.93)*** | 0.84 (0.81–0.88)*** |
Subjective health status | 0.92 (0.72–0.99)* |  |
Level of life satisfaction | ||
 Low | Reference | Reference |
 Medium | 0.54 (0.42–0.69)*** | 0.53 (0.42–0.67)*** |
 High | 0.46 (0.30–0.72)*** | 0.71 (0.51–0.99)* |
Current tobacco use | 3.50 (2.50–4.91)*** | 6.01 (3.89–9.29)*** |
Past year illicit drug use | 2.94 (2.24–3.87)*** | 2.58 (2.05–3.25)*** |
Depressive symptoms | 1.58 (1.10–2.27)* | 1.38 (1.02–1.87)* |
Physical activity | ||
 Low | Reference | Reference |
 Medium | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) |
 High | 1.50 (1.15–1.97)** | 1.38 (1.06–1.79)* |