Barriers to accessing and using health insurance cards among methadone maintenance treatment patients in northern Vietnam

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

Characteristic	Rural		Urban		Total		p-value
Characteristic	n	%	n	%	n	%	p-value
Age^a
18- <25	6	4	15	1.7	21	2.1	0.3^¶
25- < 30	21	13.9	118	13.6	139	13.7
30- <35	36	23.8	230	26.6	266	26.2
35- <40	33	21.9	233	26.9	266	26.2
40- <45	27	17.9	140	16.2	167	16.4
> =45	28	18.5	129	14.9	157	15.5
Sex^b
Female	0	0	13	1.5	13	1.3	0.24^†
Male	151	100	852	98.5	1003	98.7
Education^c
≤ Elementary	30	19.9	106	12.3	136	13.4	<0.01^¶
Secondary	87	57.6	339	39.2	426	41.9
High	28	18.5	359	41.5	387	38.1
> Vocational	6	4	61	7.1	67	6.6
Marry status^d
Single	29	19.2	222	25.7	251	24.7	0.03^¶
Lives with spouse/partner	116	76.8	572	66.1	688	67.7
Divorced/widow	6	4	71	8.2	77	7.6
Religion^e
No	96	63.6	800	92.5	896	88.2	<0.01^¶
Yes	55	36.4	65	7.5	120	11.8
Employment^f
Unemployed	25	16.6	236	27.3	261	25.7	<0.01^¶
Self-employed	67	44.4	475	54.9	542	53.4
White collar worker	1	0.7	21	2.4	22	2.2
Workers, Farmers	54	35.8	46	5.3	100	9.8
Other jobs	4	2.7	87	10.1	91	9
Inpatient service use^g
No	141	93.4	792	91.6	933	91.8	0.45^¶
Yes	10	6.6	73	8.4	83	8.2
Facility for inpatient use^h
Central	13	24.5	84	39.4	97	36.5	<0.01^¶
Province	8	15.1	92	43.2	100	37.6
Others	32	60.4	37	17.4	69	25.9
Level of payment for inpatient servicesⁱ
Full payment	33	64.7	157	75.9	190	73.6	0.11^¶
Unaffordable	12	23.5	25	12.1	37	14.3
Partial payment	6	11.8	25	12.1	31	12
Outpatient service use^k
No	83	55	641	74.1	724	71.3	<0.01^¶
Yes	68	45	224	25.9	292	28.7
Facility for outpatient use^l
Central	7	7.9	89	28.3	96	23.8	<0.01^¶
Province	13	14.6	112	35.6	125	30.9
District	57	64	57	18.1	114	28.2
Private	8	9	48	15.2	56	13.9
Other	4	4.5	9	2.9	13	3.2
Level of payment for outpatient services^m
Full payment	78	96.3	277	90.8	355	92	0.35^†
Unaffordable	2	2.5	20	6.6	22	5.7
Partial payment	1	1.2	8	2.6	9	2.3

^¶ χ ² test; ^† Fisher’s exact test
^a Chi-squared test = 6.09, df = 5; ^b Fisher’s exact test = 0.24, df = 1; ^c Chi-squared test = 35.61, df = 3; ^d Chi-squared test = 7.38, df = 2; ^eChi-squared test = 103.15, df = 1; ^fChi-squared test = 139.34, df = 4; ^gChi-squared test = 0.567, df = 1; ^h Chi-squared test = 41.76, df = 2; ⁱChi-squared test = 4.43, df = 2; ^kChi-squared test = 22.99, df = 1; ^lChi-squared test = 76.45, df = 4; ^m Fishers’s exact test = 0.35, df = 2

ISSN: 1747-597X