|
Total
n = 1529, N (%)
|
Barriers to accessing health services in the last six months
|
p – value
|
---|
Yes
n = 415, N (%)
|
No
n = 1099, N (%)
|
---|
Characteristic
|
CES-D total score
|
≥ 16
|
956 (62.5)
|
297 (71.6)
|
650 (59.1)
|
< 0.001
|
< 16
|
459 (30)
|
89 (21.4)
|
364 (33.1)
| |
Agea
|
median
|
43.0
|
42.4
|
43.1
|
0.119
|
IQR
|
(36.2–48.6)
|
(35.0–47.8)
|
(36.6–49.0)
| |
Gender
|
male
|
1008 (65.9)
|
258 (62.2)
|
739 (67.2)
|
0.063
|
female
|
521 (34.1)
|
157 (37.8)
|
360 (32.8)
| |
Caucasian ethnicity
| | | | |
yes
|
878 (57.4)
|
248 (59.8)
|
624 (56.8)
|
0.295
|
no
|
651 (42.6)
|
167 (40.2)
|
475 (43.2)
| |
Calendar year
|
median
|
2007
|
2007
|
2007
|
0.776
|
IQR
|
(2006–2009)
|
(2006–2009)
|
(2006–2009)
| |
HIV serostatus
| | | | |
positive
|
600 (39.2)
|
147 (35.4)
|
445 (40.5)
|
0.071
|
negative
|
929 (60.8)
|
268 (64.6)
|
654 (59.5)
| |
Homelessnessb
|
yes
|
481 (31.5)
|
164 (39.5)
|
311 (28.3)
|
< 0.001
|
no
|
1041 (68.1)
|
246 (59.3)
|
786 (71.5)
| |
Any injection drug useb
|
yes
|
1282 (83.8)
|
378 (91.1)
|
891 (81.1)
|
< 0.001
|
no
|
244 (16)
|
37 (8.9)
|
206 (18.7)
| |
Daily heroin useb
|
yes
|
346 (22.6)
|
107 (25.8)
|
234 (21.3)
|
0.066
|
no
|
1179 (77.1)
|
308 (74.2)
|
862 (78.4)
| |
Daily cocaine useb
|
yes
|
130 (8.5)
|
49 (11.8)
|
81 (7.4)
|
0.006
|
no
|
1393 (91.1)
|
365 (88.0)
|
1014 (92.3)
| |
Daily crystal methamphetamine useb
|
yes
|
74 (4.8)
|
28 (6.7)
|
44 (4.0)
|
0.026
|
no
|
1450 (94.8)
|
387 (93.3)
|
1051 (95.6)
| |
Daily prescription opioid useb
|
yes
|
97 (6.3)
|
39 (9.4)
|
58 (5.3)
|
0.004
|
no
|
1429 (93.5)
|
376 (90.6)
|
1039 (94.5)
| |
Incarcerationb
|
yes
|
228 (14.9)
|
72 (17.3)
|
153 (13.9)
|
0.084
|
no
|
1298 (84.9)
|
340 (81.9)
|
946 (86.1)
| |
Enrollment in opioid agonist therapyb
|
yes
|
667 (43.6)
|
181 (43.6)
|
481 (43.8)
|
0.994
|
no
|
858 (56.1)
|
232 (55.9)
|
616 (56.1)
| |
Hospitalizedb
|
yes
|
302 (19.8)
|
91 (21.9)
|
208 (18.9)
|
0.191
|
no
|
1227 (80.2)
|
324 (78.1)
|
891 (81.1)
| |
Sex workb
|
yes
|
222 (14.5)
|
71 (17.1)
|
148 (13.5)
|
0.064
|
no
|
1300 (85.0)
|
340 (81.9)
|
948 (86.3)
| |
Stable employmentb
|
yes
|
371 (24.3)
|
94 (22.7)
|
275 (25.0)
|
0.338
|
no
|
1158 (75.7)
|
321 (77.3)
|
824 (75.0)
| |
History of childhood physical abuse
|
yes
|
1061 (69.4)
|
296 (71.3)
|
757 (68.9)
|
0.076
|
no
|
410 (26.8)
|
95 (22.9)
|
309 (28.1)
| |
History of childhood sexual abuse
| | | | |
yes
|
655 (42.8)
|
207 (49.9)
|
444 (40.4)
|
< 0.001
|
no
|
824 (53.9)
|
192 (46.3)
|
621 (56.5)
| |
Victim of violenceb
|
yes
|
324 (21.2)
|
125 (30.1)
|
195 (17.7)
|
< 0.001
|
no
|
1200 (78.5)
|
288 (69.4)
|
901 (82.0)
| |
- aPer 10-year increase
- bActivities reported in the six months prior to interview