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Table 1 Baseline characteristics stratified by having had recently experienced barriers to accessing health services among people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada (N = 1529)
| Total n = 1529, N (%) | Barriers to accessing health services in the last six months | p – value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n = 415, N (%) | No n = 1099, N (%) | |||
| Characteristic | ||||
| CES-D total score | ||||
| ≥ 16 | 956 (62.5) | 297 (71.6) | 650 (59.1) | < 0.001 |
| < 16 | 459 (30) | 89 (21.4) | 364 (33.1) | |
| Agea | ||||
| median | 43.0 | 42.4 | 43.1 | 0.119 |
| IQR | (36.2–48.6) | (35.0–47.8) | (36.6–49.0) | |
| Gender | ||||
| male | 1008 (65.9) | 258 (62.2) | 739 (67.2) | 0.063 |
| female | 521 (34.1) | 157 (37.8) | 360 (32.8) | |
| Caucasian ethnicity | ||||
| yes | 878 (57.4) | 248 (59.8) | 624 (56.8) | 0.295 |
| no | 651 (42.6) | 167 (40.2) | 475 (43.2) | |
| Calendar year | ||||
| median | 2007 | 2007 | 2007 | 0.776 |
| IQR | (2006–2009) | (2006–2009) | (2006–2009) | |
| HIV serostatus | ||||
| positive | 600 (39.2) | 147 (35.4) | 445 (40.5) | 0.071 |
| negative | 929 (60.8) | 268 (64.6) | 654 (59.5) | |
| Homelessnessb | ||||
| yes | 481 (31.5) | 164 (39.5) | 311 (28.3) | < 0.001 |
| no | 1041 (68.1) | 246 (59.3) | 786 (71.5) | |
| Any injection drug useb | ||||
| yes | 1282 (83.8) | 378 (91.1) | 891 (81.1) | < 0.001 |
| no | 244 (16) | 37 (8.9) | 206 (18.7) | |
| Daily heroin useb | ||||
| yes | 346 (22.6) | 107 (25.8) | 234 (21.3) | 0.066 |
| no | 1179 (77.1) | 308 (74.2) | 862 (78.4) | |
| Daily cocaine useb | ||||
| yes | 130 (8.5) | 49 (11.8) | 81 (7.4) | 0.006 |
| no | 1393 (91.1) | 365 (88.0) | 1014 (92.3) | |
| Daily crystal methamphetamine useb | ||||
| yes | 74 (4.8) | 28 (6.7) | 44 (4.0) | 0.026 |
| no | 1450 (94.8) | 387 (93.3) | 1051 (95.6) | |
| Daily prescription opioid useb | ||||
| yes | 97 (6.3) | 39 (9.4) | 58 (5.3) | 0.004 |
| no | 1429 (93.5) | 376 (90.6) | 1039 (94.5) | |
| Incarcerationb | ||||
| yes | 228 (14.9) | 72 (17.3) | 153 (13.9) | 0.084 |
| no | 1298 (84.9) | 340 (81.9) | 946 (86.1) | |
| Enrollment in opioid agonist therapyb | ||||
| yes | 667 (43.6) | 181 (43.6) | 481 (43.8) | 0.994 |
| no | 858 (56.1) | 232 (55.9) | 616 (56.1) | |
| Hospitalizedb | ||||
| yes | 302 (19.8) | 91 (21.9) | 208 (18.9) | 0.191 |
| no | 1227 (80.2) | 324 (78.1) | 891 (81.1) | |
| Sex workb | ||||
| yes | 222 (14.5) | 71 (17.1) | 148 (13.5) | 0.064 |
| no | 1300 (85.0) | 340 (81.9) | 948 (86.3) | |
| Stable employmentb | ||||
| yes | 371 (24.3) | 94 (22.7) | 275 (25.0) | 0.338 |
| no | 1158 (75.7) | 321 (77.3) | 824 (75.0) | |
| History of childhood physical abuse | ||||
| yes | 1061 (69.4) | 296 (71.3) | 757 (68.9) | 0.076 |
| no | 410 (26.8) | 95 (22.9) | 309 (28.1) | |
| History of childhood sexual abuse | ||||
| yes | 655 (42.8) | 207 (49.9) | 444 (40.4) | < 0.001 |
| no | 824 (53.9) | 192 (46.3) | 621 (56.5) | |
| Victim of violenceb | ||||
| yes | 324 (21.2) | 125 (30.1) | 195 (17.7) | < 0.001 |
| no | 1200 (78.5) | 288 (69.4) | 901 (82.0) | |
