Impact of anti-doping education and doping control experience on anti-doping knowledge in Japanese university athletes: a cross-sectional study

Table 5 ALPHA scores by competition duration and highest competitive level (individual and team)

Category	Classification	Mean	SD	Median	χ²	df	p	η²	Multiple comparison
Competition Duration (years)	1–5	7.89	2.32	8.00	2.038	2	0.361	0.002	n.s
	6–10	7.74	2.30	8.00
	≥11	7.64	2.28	8.00
Individual Competition Level	District	7.93	2.27	8.00	9.283	3	0.026	0.008	District > National (p = 0.020, η² = 0.007) International > National (p = 0.030, η² = 0.009)
	Prefectural	7.83	2.31	8.00
	National	7.52	2.31	8.00
	International	8.39	2.21	9.00
Affiliated Team Competion Level	District	7.90	2.31	8.00	7.795	3	0.050	0.006	n.s.
	Prefectural	7.90	2.25	8.00
	National	7.58	2.31	8.00
	International	8.08	2.36	9.00

Note. ALPHA scores compared between competition duration, individual competition level, and affiliated team competition level using Kruskal-Wallis test for analyzing, and subsequent multiple comparisons were calculated using Mann Whitney U test. η² is effect size (small = .10, medium = .30, large = .50)

ISSN: 1747-597X