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Table 2 Findings

From: Change in psychosocial factors connected to coping after inpatient treatment for substance use disorder: a systematic review

Author(s)

Outcome

Findings

Secondary outcome

Andersen (2018) [73]

Social support

Emotional social support was measured with a self-report scale and was significantly (p < .001) related to abstinence at follow-up.

37% of the participants reported no use of illicit drugs in the time from release (discharge) to follow-up.

Burling et al. (1994) [78]

Depression

Self-reported prevalence of serious depression had decreased significantly (p < .001) from admission to follow-up.

63% of the participants reported not to have used any substances during the previous 30 days.

Anxiety

Self-reported prevalence of serious anxiety had decreased significantly (p < .001) from admission to follow-up.

Social support

There was no self-reported change in numbers of close relationships from admission to follow-up.

Housing

The number of housed participants had increased with 89% from admission to follow-up. Participants were identified as housed if they did not report to have spent any nights outdoors, in shelters or abandoned buildings during the previous 3 months.

Employment

The number of employed participants had increased with 57% from admission to follow-up. Employment was identified as working full- or part time, attending to school, treatment or being retired or disabled most of the previous 3 months.

Cuskey et al. (1979) [70]

Employment

17% (n = 5 of 30) was employed at follow-up.

83% (n = 25 of 30) was not using drugs at the time of follow-up. The data was obtained from participants (44%), friends and family (37%) and public support system (19%).

Education

20% (n = 6 of 30) was involved in educational activity at follow-up.

Criminal activity

83% (n = 25 of 30) had not engaged in criminal activity at follow-up. The data were obtained from participants (44%), friends and family (37%) and public support system (19%).

Donovan et al. (2001) [72]

Mental health

PTSD symptoms, which was measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale (CAPS), had decreased significantly (p < .001 and Cohen’s d: 0.63) from pre-treatment to follow-up.

Days of alcohol use (Cohen’s d: 0.94), alcohol to intoxication (Cohen’s d: 0.81) and polysubstance use (Cohen’s d: 0.70) decreased significantly (p < .001) from pre-treatment to follow-up. Substance use was measured with the Addiction Severity Index (ASI).

Flora & Stalikas (2012) [71]

Depression

Depression was measured with the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) and showed a statistically significant decrease (p < .000) from admission to follow-up.

N/A

Anxiety

Anxiety was measured with DASS and showed a statistically significant decrease (p < .033) from admission to follow-up.

Negative emotions

Negative emotion was measured with a subscale accompanying the Differential Emotion Scale-Modified (DES-MOD) and showed a statistically significant decrease (p < .035) from admission to follow-up. Negative emotions were not defined in the current study, but refer to emotions like sadness, shame, remorse, embarrassment, fear or disgust.

Positive emotions

Positive emotion was measured with a subscale accompanying the DES-MOD and showed a statistically significant increase (p < .000) from admission to follow-up. Positive emotions were defined as emotions such as gratitude, love, pride, sympathy, peacefulness, hope and sexual energy.

Meaning of life

Meaning of life was measured with the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) and had a statistically significant increase (p < .032) from admission to follow-up.

Social support

Social support was measured with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and had a statistically significant increase (p < .000) from admission to follow-up.

Self-efficacy

Self-efficacy was measured with the Brief Situation Confidence Questionnaire (BSCQ) and had a statistically significant increase (p < .000) from admission to follow-up.

Grella & Shi (2011) [76]

Mental health

Psychological distress (measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory) decreased (p < .0001 and Cohen’s d: 0.51) from admission to follow-up.

38% of the participants reported no alcohol or drug use the prior 6 months to follow-up.

Criminal activity

Self-reported number of arrests decreased 71% from admission to follow-up.

Hubbard et al. (2003) [16]

Criminal activity

Predatory illegal acts (assault, robbery, burglary, larceny, forgery, stolen property) decreased 24% from pre-admission to follow-up.

Participants reported to have modified their substance use from pre-admission to follow-up.

8% decrease in heroin use, 39% in cocaine use, 8% in marijuana use and 22% in alcohol use.

Employment

Self-reported full-time employment among the participants increased 26% from pre-admission to follow-up, which was a significantly (p < .01) increase.

Ludwig et al. (2013) [77]

Mental health

Psychological distress (measured with the Brief Symptom Inventory at admission was not a significantly predictor of abstinence at follow-up.

N/A

Self-efficacy

General self-efficacy at admission, measured with one single question, was a significant (p < .05 and Confidence Interval (CI): 1.10 to 2.03) predictor of abstinence at follow-up. The abstinence rate was 28% higher in participants with a maximum general self-efficacy.

McGuire et al. (2011) [74]

Housing

Housing increased 58% for the participants in the Domiciliary Care for Homeless Veteran Program (DCHV). Housing increased 61% for the participants in the Health Care for Homeless Veterans (HCHV) programme. Housing was determined by the housing-status (having a house or not) the night before the follow-up interview.

N/A

Porowski et al. (2004) [79]

Mental health

Even if participants who were abstinent at follow-up had significantly (p < .0001) less mental health problems than participants who had relapsed, both groups changed positively from pre- to post treatment. ‘Mental health problems’ were not further defined in the study report but has been defined by the World Health Organization as personal, environmental or social properties which facilitates a person’s well-being and ability to recover and contribute to and take part in society.

Self-reported abstinence from substance use throughout the 6-months following discharge increased significantly (p < .0001) from pre-admission to follow-up. 48% of the participants had not relapsed to substance use or had only used legal substances at follow-up. 61% of the participants had not used substances in the months prior to follow-up.

Employment

Employment in the prior 30 days increased significantly (p < .0001) from pre-admission to follow-up for both groups.

Education

Employment increased significantly (p < .0001) from pre-admission to follow-up for both groups.

Criminal activity

Involvement in any criminal activity the past 30 days decreased significantly (p < .0001) from pre-admission to follow-up for both groups.

Soyez et al. (2006) [75]

Mental Health

Psychological health increased significantly (p < .001) from admission to follow-up.

Use of alcohol and/or illegal drugs decreased significantly (p < .001) from admission to follow-up. Data were obtained using the European version of the Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI).

Social support

Increased significantly (p < .001) from admission to follow-up.

Employment

There was no change in employment from admission to follow-up.

Criminal activity

Decreased significantly (p < .001) from admission to follow-up. Data were obtained using the European version of the Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI).

Sung & Chu (2011) [83]

Employment

Participants who were unemployed at admission, had increased their employment rate by 28% at follow-up. ‘Employed’ participants were identified by self-reported employment-status (working at a legitimate job full- or part-time) the week before 12-month follow-up.

N/A

Warren et al. (2007) [80]

Mental health

Mental health was measured using the Research And Development Short Form-36 (RAND SF-36 scale). A positive relation (p < .001) was found between a high RAND SF-36 score and self-reported alcohol- or cocaine use at follow-up. Longer time in treatment predicted a lower RAND SF-36 score at follow-up.

Longer time in treatment predicted less alcohol use at follow-up. Substance use was identified as self-reported frequency of heroin-, cocaine/crack and/or alcohol use in the 30 days prior to follow-up.

Zhang et al. (2003) [37]

 

N/A

Self-reported days of overall drug use per month decreased (p < .001) from admission to follow-up.

Self-reported days of primary drug use per month decreased (p < .001) from admission to follow-up.

  1. N/A (Not Applicable/Not Available)