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Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of odds of unemployment at two years after release following heroin use sentence in Taiwan for those unemployed before sentencing, 2011 (n = 1220)

From: Prison sentencing increases the risk of unemployment among illegal heroin users in Taiwan

Variable

Un-adjusted odds-ratio

Adjusted odds-ratiob

VIFc

Estimate

(95%CI)

P value

Estimate

(95%CI)

P value

Social demographyd

Gender

 Male

1.00

 

1.00

  

 Female

0.94 (0.74–1.19)

0.610

0.97 (0.74–1.26)

0.815

1.1

Age (years) at index datea

 18–24

1.00

 

1.00

  

 25–44

1.79 (1.40–2.3)

< 0.001

1.98 (1.40–2.80)

< 0.001

1.9

  ≥ 45

4.34 (2.9–6.49)

< 0.001

5.10 (2.79–9.35)

< 0.001

2.3

Type of residence

 Rural

1.00

 

1.00

  

 Urban

0.88 (0.68–1.15)

0.345

0.87 (0.65–1.15)

0.331

1.0

Education level

 Elementary

1.00

 

1.00

  

 Junior high school

0.87 (0.66–1.14)

0.311

0.87 (0.65–1.16)

0.348

1.4

 Senior high school

1.37 (0.92–2.05)

0.118

0.91 (0.57–1.46)

0.706

1.7

 College

1.03 (0.40–2.66)

0.956

0.59 (0.21–1.64)

0.312

1.1

Marital status

 Single

1.00

 

1.00

  

 Married

1.89 (1.38–2.59)

< 0.001

0.87 (0.57–1.33)

0.529

1.7

 Divorced or widowed

2.43 (1.38–4.29)

0.002

0.95 (0.47–1.90)

0.888

1.5

Drug use Sentences and criminal recordd

 Type of sentencing

     

 Deferred prosecution

1.00

 

1.00

  

 Observation and rehabilitation

0.89 (0.67–1.18)

0.414

1.19 (0.86–1.63)

0.287

1.6

 Compulsory rehabilitation

0.71 (0.12–4.33)

0.711

0.90 (0.13–6.15)

0.914

1.6

 Sentenced to prison

1.34 (0.93–1.94)

0.118

1.04 (0.68–1.60)

0.849

1.0

Drug use criminal record

 0

1.00

 

1.00

  

 1

0.90 (0.65–1.25)

0.534

0.89 (0.63–1.26)

0.513

2.0

 2

1.11 (0.76–1.61)

0.595

1.00 (0.67–1.49)

0.984

1.8

  ≥ 3

1.05 (0.73–1.53)

0.787

0.86 (0.57–1.29)

0.464

2.0

Mental diseases and comorbidityd

 Schizophrenia (Yes VS No)

3.22 (0.33–6.00)

0.312

1.17 (0.11–2.09)

0.894

1.1

 Depression (Yes VS No)

2.41 (1.51–3.84)

< 0.001

2.44 (1.42–4.19)

0.001

1.3

 Bipolar (Yes VS No)

1.94 (0.65–5.84)

0.236

0.79 (0.22–2.80)

0.720

1.2

Charlson comorbidity score

 0

1.00

 

1.00

  

 1

1.15 (0.87–1.52)

0.336

1.11 (0.83–1.49)

0.480

1.1

 2

1.03 (0.70–1.52)

0.871

0.90 (0.60–1.36)

0.626

1.1

  ≥ 3

1.87 (1.26–2.79)

0.002

1.14 (0.71–1.84)

0.590

1.4

  1. a The index date was the date of release from prison, treatment centers or deferred prosecution
  2. b Global model fit Wald test x2 = 72.28, DF = 21, P < 0.001; R-square = 0.093
  3. c VIF Variance inflation factor
  4. dFor controlling potential confounders, social demography were collected from National Population Register Database, including gender, age, types of residence, insurance premium, education level and marital status [22, 30, 31]. Illicit drug use criminal record collected from National Police Agency in Taiwan [32, 33]. Mental diseases including schizophrenia, depressive disorders, bipolar disorders and general health condition (Charlson comorbidity score) were collected from NHIRD [31, 34, 35]