Fig. 1

Conceptual framework. Based on the prior studies, this figure shows that the relapse is associated with various determinants that are classified into environmental factors, interpersonal or social factors, socio-demographic factors, intrapersonal factors and physical factors. Environmental included the factors such as availability and accessibility to drugs, interpersonal or social factors include peer influence, social category, conflict, employment status. But socio-demographic characteristics include the factors such as age, sex, residence, education, marital status, parental status of the participants. For intrapersonal factors, prior studies reported negative emotion whereas phsyicla factors included chronic or acute diseases, physical dependence, withdrawal, illness, post-surgical distress and injury