Variable | Crude OR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Female (23.4%) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Male (76.6%) | 5.29 (3.40, 8.25) | < 0.001 | 3.88 (2.40, 6.28) | < 0.001 |
Age in years | ||||
45 or more (18.3%) | 1 (Reference) | – | ||
30–44 (35.1%) | 1.22 (0.80, 1.86) | 0.351 | ||
15–29 (46.7%) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.47) | 0.999 | ||
Education | ||||
Grade 0–7 (30.9%) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Grade 8–11 (34.6%) | 2.07 (1.46, 2.94) | < 0.001 | 1.25 (0.82, 1.99) | 0.298 |
Grade 12 or more (34.5%) | 1.24 (0.86, 1.79) | 0.248 | 0.90 (0.57, 1.44) | 0.670 |
Marital status | ||||
Married (16.3%) | 1 (Reference) | – | ||
Separated/divorced/widowed (4.4%) | 1.12 (0.50, 2.47) | 0.788 | ||
Never married (79.3%) | 1.44 (0.92, 2.25) | 0.107 | ||
Population group | ||||
African Black (78.9%) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
White (7.2%) | 0.52 (0.27, 1.00) | 0.049 | 0.65 (0.32, 1.32) | 0.236 |
Coloured (11.6%) | 1.21 (0.83, 1.76) | 0.310 | 1.12 (0.71, 1.78) | 0.618 |
Indian or Asian (2.3%) | 0.43 (0.24, 0.75) | 0.003 | 0.54 (0.30, 0.99) | 0.046 |
Employement status | ||||
Employed/self-employed (37.2%) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Unemployed (50.3%) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.09) | 0.137 | 0.85 (0.57, 1.26) | 0.421 |
Not in the labour force (12.5%) | 0.31 (0.18, 0.55) | < 0.001 | 0.33 (0.16, 0.66) | 0.002 |
Residence | ||||
Rural informal (tribal areas) (22.0%) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Rural (farms) (5.0%) | 1.25 (0.77, 2.04) | 0.372 | 0.96 (0.55, 1.69) | 0.892 |
Urban (73.1%) | 1.63 (1.12, 2.38) | 0.012 | 1.54 (0.98, 2.45) | 0.068 |
Alcohol use disorder | ||||
No (71.3%) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Yes (28.7%) | 1.74 (1.24, 2.43) | < 0.001 | 1.26 (0.85, 1.85) | 0.240 |
Other drugs | ||||
No (74.9%) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Yes (25.1%) | 0.30 (0.19, 0.47) | < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.26, 0.66) | < 0.001 |
Psychological distress | ||||
No (77.4%) | 1 (Reference) | – | ||
Yes (22.6%) | 1.10 (0.73, 1.65) | 0.646 | ||
Physical multimorbidity | ||||
0 (86.1%) | 1 (Reference) | – | ||
1 (12.4%) | 0.76 (0.47, 1.24) | 0.276 | ||
2 or more (1.5%) | 0.32 (0.10, 1.06) | 0.062 | ||
Health care utilization | ||||
No (62.5%) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Yes (37.5%) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.00) | 0.048 | 0.82 (0.58, 1.17) | 0.276 |