Table 1 Summary characteristics of the study population (row percent)
|  | Did not smoke opioids (N = 118) | Smoked opioids (N = 251) | Total (N = 369) (column %) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Health Authority | Â | Â | Â | 0.142 |
 Fraser | 47 (37.6%) | 78 (62.4%) | 125 (33.9%) |  |
 Interior | 16 (26.7%) | 44 (73.3%) | 60 (16.3%) |  |
 Island | 9 (22.5%) | 31 (77.5%) | 40 (10.8%) |  |
 Northern | 15 (24.6%) | 46 (75.4%) | 61 (16.5%) |  |
 Vancouver Coastal | 31 (37.3%) | 52 (62.7%) | 83 (22.5%) |  |
Urban/Rural | ||||
 Medium/Large Urban | 96 (36.4%) | 168 (63.6%) | 264 (71.5%) |  |
 Small Urban or rural | 22 (21.0%) | 83 (79.0%) | 105 (28.5%) |  |
Gender identity | Â | Â | Â | 0.129 |
 Woman | 34 (24.8%) | 103 (75.2%) | 137 (37.1%) |  |
 Man | 80 (36.2%) | 141 (63.8%) | 221 (59.9%) |  |
 Transgender and gender expansive | 2 (28.6%) | 5 (71.4%) | 7 (1.9%) |  |
 Unknown | 2 (50.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 4 (1.1%) |  |
Age |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
 29 and under | 15 (18.8%) | 65 (81.2%) | 80 (21.7%) |  |
 30–39 | 34 (26.8%) | 93 (73.2%) | 127 (34.4%) |  |
 40–49 | 33 (37.5%) | 55 (62.5%) | 88 (23.8%) |  |
 50 and over | 32 (48.5%) | 34 (51.5%) | 66 (17.9%) |  |
 Unknown | 4 (50.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 8 (2.2%) |  |
Regular Housing | Â | Â | Â | 0.691 |
 Yes | 76 (33.5%) | 151 (66.5%) | 227 (61.5%) |  |
 No | 39 (30.0%) | 91 (70.0%) | 130 (35.2%) |  |
 Unknown | 3 (25.0%) | 9 (75.0%) | 12 (3.3%) |  |
Employed | Â | Â | Â | 0.044 |
 No | 88 (30.9%) | 197 (69.1%) | 285 (77.2%) |  |
 Yes | 29 (40.8%) | 42 (59.2%) | 71 (19.2%) |  |
 Unknown | 1 (7.7%) | 12 (92.3%) | 13 (3.5%) |  |
Experienced an overdosea | Â | Â | Â | 0.414 |
 No | 83 (33.5%) | 165 (66.5%) | 248 (67.2%) |  |
 Yes | 30 (27.5%) | 79 (72.5%) | 109 (29.5%) |  |
 Unknown | 5 (41.7%) | 7 (58.3%) | 12 (3.3%) |  |
Witnessed an opioid overdosea | Â | Â | Â | 0.011 |
 No | 39 (39.8%) | 59 (60.2%) | 98 (26.6%) |  |
 Yes | 59 (26.2%) | 166 (73.8%) | 225 (61.0%) |  |
 Unknown | 20 (43.5%) | 26 (56.5%) | 46 (12.5%) |  |
Used drugs alone | Â | Â | Â | 0.007 |
 No | 19 (45.2%) | 23 (54.8%) | 42 (11.4%) |  |
 Yes | 91 (29.0%) | 223 (71.0%) | 314 (85.1%) |  |
 Unknown | 8 (61.5%) | 5 (38.5%) | 13 (3.5%) |  |
Used observed consumption servicesa | Â | Â | Â | 0.503 |
 No | 55 (31.1%) | 122 (68.9%) | 177 (48.0%) |  |
 Yes | 52 (31.3%) | 114 (68.7%) | 166 (45.0%) |  |
 Unknown | 11 (42.3%) | 15 (57.7%) | 26 (7.0%) |  |
Opioid agonist therapy (OAT)b | Â | Â | Â | 0.188 |
 No | 87 (34.1%) | 168 (65.9%) | 255 (69.1%) |  |
 Yes | 31 (27.2%) | 83 (72.8%) | 114 (30.9%) |  |
Own take-home naloxone | Â | Â | Â | 0.017 |
 No | 37 (43.5%) | 48 (56.5%) | 85 (23.0%) |  |
 Yes | 74 (27.7%) | 193 (72.3%) | 267 (72.4%) |  |
 Unknown | 7 (41.2%) | 10 (58.8%) | 17 (4.6%) |  |
Hydromorphoneb | Â | Â | Â | 0.444 |
 No | 114 (32.4%) | 238 (67.6%) | 352 (95.4%) |  |
 Yes | 4 (23.5%) | 13 (76.5%) | 17 (4.6%) |  |
Oxycodoneb | Â | Â | Â | 0.943 |
 No | 116 (32.0%) | 247 (68.0%) | 363 (98.4%) |  |
 Yes | 2 (33.3%) | 4 (66.7%) | 6 (1.6%) |  |
Morphineb | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 |
 No | 86 (28.8%) | 213 (71.2%) | 299 (81.0%) |  |
 Yes | 32 (45.7%) | 38 (54.3%) | 70 (19.0%) |  |
Heroinb |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
 No | 48 (49.5%) | 49 (50.5%) | 97 (26.3%) |  |
 Yes | 70 (25.7%) | 202 (74.3%) | 272 (73.7%) |  |
Fentanylb | Â | Â | Â | 0.012 |
 No | 37 (43.0%) | 49 (57.0%) | 86 (23.3%) |  |
 Yes | 81 (28.6%) | 202 (71.4%) | 283 (76.7%) |  |
Methamphetamines b |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
 No | 52 (63.4%) | 30 (36.6%) | 82 (22.2%) |  |
 Yes | 66 (23.0%) | 221 (77.0%) | 287 (77.8%) |  |
Crackb | Â | Â | Â | 0.629 |
 No | 97 (32.6%) | 201 (67.4%) | 298 (80.8%) |  |
 Yes | 21 (29.6%) | 50 (70.4%) | 71 (19.2%) |  |
Cocaineb | Â | Â | Â | 0.655 |
 No | 90 (32.6%) | 186 (67.4%) | 276 (74.8%) |  |
 Yes | 28 (30.1%) | 65 (69.9%) | 93 (25.2%) |  |