From: Understanding injecting drug use in Afghanistan: A scoping review
Study Number | Author & Publication Year | Study Year | Study Location | Study Design | Sample Size | Sample Characteristics | Thematic Area |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bautista et al., 2010 [48] | 2005–2006 | Kabul | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 459 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the last 6 months (confirmed by injection stigmata) | Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis |
Todd et al., 2007 [49] | 2005–2006 | Kabul | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 463 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the past 6 months (confirmed by injection stigmata) | Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and associated risk behaviours | |
Todd et al., 2007 [50] | 2005–2006 | Kabul | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 463 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the past 6 months (confirmed by injection stigmata) | HIV knowledge and awareness and their association with residence outside Afghanistan | |
Todd et al., 2008 [51] | 2005–2006 | Kabul | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 463 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the past 6 months (confirmed by injection stigmata) | Prevalence and correlates of needle/syringe sharing among PWID | |
Todd et al., 2009 [52] | 2005–2006 | Kabul | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 463 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the past 6 months (confirmed by injection stigmata) | Prior utilization of harm reduction and addiction treatment services | |
2 | Burrows et al., 2019 [46] | 2017–2018 | Kabul | Mixed methods (qualitative interviews, field observations & desk review) | 8–10 participants per focus groups (2–3 focus groups) | Not applicable (unit of analysis is country (Afghanistan)) | Access to harm reduction services/resources |
Burrows et al., 2021 [65] | 2018 | Kabul | Mixed methods (qualitative interviews, field observations & desk review) | 8–10 participants per focus group (2–3 focus groups) | Not applicable (unit of analysis is country (Afghanistan)) | Access to harm reduction services/resources | |
3 | MENAHRA, 2013 [53] | 2013 | Kabul | Qualitative (in-depth interviews) | 10 women who inject drugs 4 key informants (subject matter experts) | Women, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the last 12 months | Various themes related to access to harm reduction services among women who inject drugs |
4 | Nasir et al., 2011 [54] | 2006–2008 | Herat, Jalalabad, Mazar-i-Sharif | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 615 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the last 6 months (confirmed through injection stigmata) | Prevalence and correlates of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infection |
Nasir et al., 2011 [55] | 2006–2008 | Herat, Jalalabad, Mazar-i-Sharif | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 615 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the last 6 months (confirmed through injection stigmata) | Comparing PWID with and without hepatitis C virus viremia | |
Sanders-Buell et al., 2010 [56] | 2006–2008 | Kabul, Jalalabad, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 10 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the last 6 months (confirmed through injection stigmata) | HIV genotypes among PWID and sex workers | |
Sanders-Buell et al., 2013 [57] | 2006–2008 | Jalalabad, Herta, Mazar-i-Sharif | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 113 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the last 6 months (confirmed through injection stigmata) | Circulating hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and genetic linkages among HCV positive PWID | |
5 | Rasekh et al., 2019 [66] | 2016 | Kabul | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 410 PWUD of which n = 55 were PWID | Male, age ≥ 18, receiving treatment for drug use | Prevalence and risk factors of HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C infection among PWUD Risk factors of IDU among PWID |
6 | Rasheed et al., 2022 [67] | 2018–2019 | Kabul, Jalalabad, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif, Kunduz, Faizabad, Kandahar, Zaranj | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 1378 | 99% (n = 1369) male, age 15–64, reported IDU in the past 12 months | Mapping and prevalence estimation of PWID in Afghanistan |
7 | Ruiesenor-Escudero et al., 2014 [68] | 2009 | Kabul, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 548 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the last 3 months | Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and other infectious disease; correlates of HIV and hepatitis C infection |
8 | Ruiesenor-Escudero et al., 2015 [58] | 2010–2012 | Kabul | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 95 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported current heroin injection and enrolled in opioid substitution therapy (OST) | Evaluation of OST pilot programme (characteristics of OST participants; factors associated with programme retention) |
9 | Todd et al., 2009 [59] | 2009 | Kabul | Qualitative (focus groups and free-list interviews) | 2 focus groups with PWID (n = 20) Free-list interviews with PWID (n = 61) | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the last 6 months | Various themes were explored to describe the current context of IDU and available harm reduction programmes |
10 | Todd et al., 2010 [60] | 2005–2008 | Kabul, Jalalabad, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 1078 | Male, age ≥ 18, reported IDU in the last 6 months (confirmed through injection stigmata) | Prevalence and correlates of syphilis and condom use |
11 | Todd et al., 2011 [61] | 2007–2009 | Kabul | Quantitative; Observational cohort | 483 | Male, age ≥ 18, reporting IDU in the past 30 days | Prevalence and correlates of HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis Prevalence and corelates of harm reduction programme use |
Todd et al., 2015 [62] | 2007–2009 | Kabul | Quantitative; Observational cohort | 483 | Male, age ≥ 18, reporting IDU in the past 30 days | HIV, hepatitis C, and mortality incidence and predictors Needle and syringe programme usage | |
Todd et al., 2016 [63] | 2007–2009 | Kabul | Quantitative; Observational cohort | 386 | Male, age ≥ 18, reporting IDU in the past 30 days | Factors influencing risk behaviours among PWID | |
12 | UNDOC, 2009 [14] | 2009 | 32 provincial capitals, 354 district centres | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 2609 PWUD of which n = 148 were PWID | PWUD sample: 97% (n = 2534) male, age ≥ 18, reporting drug use in the past 12 months PWID sample: No gender or sex composition provided, age ≥ 18, reporting lifetime IDU | Prevalence of IDU; Risk behaviours; Access to harm reduction services |
13a | UNDOC, 2014 [47] |  | 17 provinces | Mixed methods (interviewer-administered questionnaire and focus groups) | 3163 PWUD of which n = 32 were PWID | PWUD sample: 75% (n = 2388) male, age ≥ 18, reporting drug use for ≥ 6 months PWID sample: Male, age ≥ 18, reporting injecting heroinb | Risk behaviour (needle/syringe sharing) |
14 | Vogel et al., 2012 [64] | 2009 | Kabul | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | 30 Opiate users of which n = 23 were PWID | PWID sample: Male, ≥ 18, reporting lifetime IDU | Drug use characteristics |
15a | World Bank, 2008 [69] | 2006–2007 | Kabul, Jalalabad, Mazar-i-Sharif | Quantitative; Cross-sectional | Not specified for the social mapping exercise 76 (survey with IDU in Jalalabad & Mazar-i-Sharif) | Male, age ≥ 18, reported active/current IDU | Mapping and prevalence estimation of PWID; drug use characteristics; risk behaviours; access to harm reduction services |